Inner Refuge: Identity and the Enduring Quest for Physical- Spiritual Unity " اللجوء الداخلي: الهوية والسعي الدائم نحو الوحدة الجسدية الروحية"

نوع المستند : المقالة الأصلية

المؤلف

Lecturer of English Literature at the Faculty of Education, Department of Foreign Languages, English Section

المستخلص

This paper attempts to analyze the inner spiritual rebellion of Doris Betts’s female characters in their struggle to discover their identities. They use four strategies: going West in Heading West(1981) and The Sharp Teeth of Love(1998), imagining illusions in The Sharp Teeth of Love, resorting to religion in The Astronomer( 1973) and welcoming death in Souls Raised from the Dead(1994). The study examines how Betts’s female characters succeed in their heroic struggle to achieve the homogeneity of their physical-spiritual identity. This reveals that Betts’s women drip from the outer selfish physical world into an emotional mystical world as their final resort. The study proposes Betts’s use of the second wave feminism- that the American Southern women writers are famous for at that time- from the 1960s till the 1990. The study traces the cultural inequalities, gender, and the role of women in the society as three aspects of the second wave feminism

الكلمات الرئيسية

الموضوعات الرئيسية


Aikau, Hokulani K. and others. Feminist Waves, Feminist Generations: Life stories from the Academy. University of Meinnesota press, Minneopolis, London. 2007. P3.
Barbara Bennett. “Doris Betts: Everything I know About Writing I Learned In Sunday School”. Review of Contemporary Fiction. Dalkey Archive Press.
Baumgardner, Jennifer (2011). "Is there a fourth wave? Does It Matter? ”Feminist.com. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
Betts, Doris. The Scarlet Thread. New York, Harper, 1964.
Betts, Doris. Heading West. New York, Knopf, 1981.
Betts, Doris. Souls Raised from the Dead. New York, Knopf, 1994.
Betts, Doris. The Sharp Teeth of Love. New York, Knopf, 1997.
Betts, Doris. The Gentle Insurrection. New York, Putnam, 1954; published as The Gentle Insurrection and Other Stories. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1997.
Betts, Doris. The Astronomer and Other Stories. New York, Harper, 1966; BatonRouge, Louisiana State University Press, 1995.
Betts, Doris. Beasts of the Southern Wild. New York, Harper, 1973; published asBeasts of the Southern Wild and Other Stories. New York, Scribner, 1998.
Betts, Doris. Ferguson, Mary Anne Heyward. The History of Southern Women's Literature. Ed. Carolyn Perry and Mary Louise Weaks . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002. p530-534. Rpt. In Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 275. Detroit: Gale. From Literature Resource Center, 2009. Gale, Cengage Learning
Betts, Doris and Susan Kitchen. Resting on the Bedrock of Original Sin. The Christ-Haunted Landscape: Faith and Doubt in Southern. Fiction. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1994. p230-259. In Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 275. Detroit: Gale. From Literature Resource Center. 2009 Gale, Cengage Learning
Betts, Doris. “Everything I Know About Writing I Learned it in Sunday Schools”. USA TODAY, 2014 Source: USA Today, JUN 03, 2014
Betts, Doris and Gail Godwin. Beyond the wallpaper: crossroads of region, gender, and intellectual life in novels
Code L. What can she know?: feminist theory and the construction of knowledge. Cornell University Press; 2018 Sep 5.
 Diamond, Diana. The Fourth Wave of Feminism: Psychoanalytic perspectives. pp. 213–223, 2009.
Eads, Martha Greene. “Sex, Money, and Food as Spiritual Signposts in Doris Betts’s
         Sharp Teeth of Love.” Christianity and Literature, vol. 41, no. 1, 2004, pp. 31-49.
Elizabeth Evans. The Home Truth of Doris Betts, North Carolina, Methodist College Press, 1992; Doris Betts by, New York, Twayne, 1997.
Elliot P. Debates in transgender, queer, and feminist theory: Contested sites. Routledge; 2016 May 13.
Evans, Elizabeth. Doris Betts. Twayne Publishers, 1997.
Ferguson KE. Feminist theory today. Annual Review of Political Science. 2017 May 11;20:269-86.
Gillman, Laura. Unassimilable Feminisms: Reappraising Feminist, Womanist, and
          MestizaIdentity Politics, Palgrave Macmillan. NY. USA. 2010.
Godwin, Gail Dorothy Allison, and Kaye Gibbons. South Carolina University. Fall 2019
Hartsock, Nancy C. M. “The Feminist Standpoint: Toward a Specifically Feminist
              Historical Materialism.” Feminist Theory Reader: Local and Global Perspectives
              edited by Carole R. McCann & Seung-Kyung Kim, Routledge, 2013, pp. 364-69.
Holman, David Marion. Faith and the unanswerable questions: the fiction of Doris Betts. The Southern Literary Journal. 15.1 (Fall 1982): p15+. From Literature Resource Center, 1982. University of North Carolina Press. http://uncpress.unc.edu
Kaplan, Sydney Janet. Literary Criticism, The University of Chicago Press Vol. 4, No. 3 (Spring, 1979), pp. 514-527
Keane, Katarina. Second -Wave Feminism in the American South, 1965-1980, Ph.D., 2009
Ketchin, Susan. The Christ-Haunted Landscape: Faith and Doubt in Southern Fiction.
            UP of Mississippi, 1994.
Martin, Jennifer. The Judgement of Southern Motherhood in Works by Doris Betts, Gail Godwin, Dorothy Allison, and Kaye Gibbons, PhD dissertation. University of South Carolina. USA. 2019.
Mihăilescu, Vintilă Liberalism nationalism identity Judaism community cultural choices  self-authenticity In Quest of Identity - An Introduction  p. 21-32
Mullins, Marie. and Contino, Paul J. Christianity and Literature, 1993.
Nakhla SS. Exploring Opportunities for Christian Ministries in Areas of Egypt without Churches. Fuller Theological Seminary, School of Intercultural Studies; 2019.
Naomi, Black. Social feminism. Cornell University Press; 2019 May 15.
O’Connor, Flannery. “Some Aspects of the Grotesque in Southern Fiction.” Mystery and
              Manners: Occasional Prose, edited by Sally and Robert Fitzgerald, Farrar, Straus
             & Giroux, 1970, pp. 36-50.
Perez, Jeannina . Three Waves of Underground Feminism In ―Soft Conscious Raising Novels.  University of Central Florida, 2008.
Stein, Caroline Dorey. A Brief History: The Four Waves of Feminism. June 28, 2018   https://www.progressivewomensleadership.com/a-brief-history-the-four-waves-of-feminism/
Sturgeon N. Ecofeminist natures: Race, gender, feminist theory and political action. Routledge; 2016 Jan 8.
Swirsky, Jill M. and Angelone, D.J.. Equality, Empowerment, and Choice: What Does Feminism Mean to Contemporary Women? Department of Psychology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 18 December 2014.
Tamir, Yael. The Quest for Identity. Studies in Philosophy and Education 15: 175-191, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Netherlands, 1996.
Tamir, Yael. Liberal Nationalism. Princeton University Press. New Jersey, 1993.
 Tara Powell. South Atlantic Review. 72.3 (Summer 2007): p1+. From Literature Resource, 2007. South Atlantic Modern Language Association http://www.samla.gsu.edu/sar/sar.html
Umansky, Lauri. Motherhood Reconceived: Feminism and the Legacies of the Sixties.
            New York UP, 1996.
Walters, Margaret. FEMINISM: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University press. New York.2005
Wheelis, Allen. The Quest For Identity, W Norton & Co Inc. Michigan. USA. 1958.
Wilson, Elizabeth Hidden Agendas: Theory, Politics, and Experience in the Women's Movement, Tavistock Publications (London), 1986, p. 8.
“Feminism and Women 'S Rights on The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Social Equality” p 1